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星期一, 7月 22, 2013

资深议员噶玛群培声明:将在议会阻击中间道路

来源:让赞联盟网站
背景:第十五届西藏人民议会第五次会议,2013年3月27日
视频:http://www.rangzen.net/2013/06/07/translation-of-karma-chophel-intervention-at-paliament/
原标题:Translation of Karma Chophel’s intervention at Parliament

Translated and edited by Tenzin Nyinjey, with permission from Karma Chophel.

In 1991, I was elected, for the first time, as a member of Tibetan parliament. On 29 May 1991, I took my oath and responsibility [as MP]. Since then until today, for almost twenty-two years, I have been consecutively elected as a member of Tibetan parliament and purported to have made some modest contribution to our common cause. During these years, I served as a speaker of parliament twice, and also once as pro tem speaker of the parliament.

As a matter of clarification, I would like to express to the parliament with special emphasis that from the perspective of Dharma (Chos) His Holiness the Dalai Lama is my undisputed, noble protector, my source of spiritual refuge both in this and the next life. I believe [from the depth] of my heart that not only for the Tibetan people in and outside Tibet, but also for the whole world, His Holiness the Dalai Lama is a noble leader, and I love, respect and admire him [accordingly]. This [my love, respect and admiration for His Holiness as a noble leader] will never ever change.

From the perspective of politics, in 2011, His Holiness the Dalai Lama issued many statements [to the effect that] his political and administrative leadership and responsibilities shall be handed over to a directly-elected leadership of the Tibetan people. Therefore the structure [provisions] of the charter of the Central Tibetan Administration was amended for the 25th time resulting in tremendous changes. Based on this [such changes], His Holiness the Dalai Lama doesn’t hold the political and executive power of the Central Tibetan Administration anymore; nor is he the nominal or titular head of our nation [Tibet].

Before the above changes occurred, to resolve the Tibetan issue truthfully, His Holiness the Dalai Lama — the undisputed spiritual and temporal head of the Tibetan people — implemented the Middle Way policy in the Tibetan parliament. Although I do not agree [with the Middle-Way], I supported it and the resolutions related [to the Middle-Way] were passed unanimously in the parliament. The main reason I supported [the Middle-Way] is because I respect His Holiness the Dalai Lama from the depth of my heart, and [also] because I took a series of oath to [sincerely] follow the words of His Holiness the Dalai Lama.

Now under different circumstances, [exercising my] democratic duties and rights, and in accordance with my earlier [political] stand, from today onwards I am going to support the restoration of Tibet’s complete freedom and independence, and withdraw all the support that I have given in the parliament to the Middle-Way till date. I request the parliament to acknowledge this. I have three important reasons to make my [political] stand clear:

    For the past 64 years, China’s policy on Tibet—let alone undergoing positive changes—has worsened [in terms of its] barbaric and oppressive actions. Now the Tibetan people have lost every faith in the Chinese government [to resolve the Tibetan issue through dialog].
    Based on above reasons, our fellow Tibetans inside Tibet are engaging in diverse non-violent protests, including the act of self-immolation, and through [these protests], they are making clear that they don’t want to live under the Chinese communist government and aspire for Tibet’s complete freedom and independence. Therefore, I am going to show my support and solidarity [to them].
    This year is the 100th anniversary of the Great 13th Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso’s declaration of Tibetan independence in 1913. I commemorate and express my respect [to this great event]. I pray to the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha—the three sources of ultimate refuge—that this clarification will advance the unity and patriotism of the Tibetan people in and outside Tibet, resulting in the restoration of Tibet’s complete freedom and independence. I [hope] my prayers would be answered accordingly.

Honorable speaker let me express a few more words. I consider my clarification significant, which is why I presented it in writing. Since the 11th session of the Tibetan parliament, it is not that our members of parliament and observers from outside do not know what my [political] stand is. Therefore, while making this clarification, I have done it with full modesty considering it as my duty. I have made the clarification not out of pride, resentment or to impress others. I have never had such [desires]. Moreover, inside and outside parliament, and everywhere, although this [independence] is my fundamental political stand, I am a person who have always tried, if necessary, to avoid speaking and making clarifications about it.

I am not a person who always wave the [flag of independence] and [disrupt] our internal unity; our internal unity is strong generally, but it [raising the independence stance] might hurt some individuals, which is not nice. And in democracy, all of us, bearing our responsibility and using our intelligence, primarily taking responsibility for our nation, can have our own [political stand]—that each one of us has the right to free expression and free thought. Acknowledging and respecting this right to free expression and free thought, I have been a person who always made efforts not to raise the [independence] stance all the time. However, for the ultimate [struggle] of Tibet—be it Tibetan people’s polity, religion, culture, or any other matter that one considers—I have always felt that what we really need is freedom and independence.

This feeling and stance I have arrived at out of strong conviction and belief. Such is the case. For instance, in 1970, after graduating from Mussorie School I joined the university; it was as if I had now begun to stand on my own feet, to have my own self-sufficiency [autonomous existence]. In that year, in Dharamsala, I participated in a conference organized to found the Tibetan Youth Congress. It was an important milestone for this [independence] stand. In 1979, generally from 1959 to 1979, the policy implemented by both the Tibetan government and public was [restoration] of freedom and independence. Since 1979, the policy underwent changes—1979 is generally considered the turning point. Even at that time, my [political] stand didn’t undergo any changes. In 1979, I was a [member of] Central Executive Committee of the Tibetan Youth Congress. I was serving as a teacher in Bylakupee Tibetan school. Then in 1987, His Holiness the Dalai Lama presented the Five-Point Peace Plan in the United States. In 1988, His Holiness presented the Strasbourg proposal—the essence of which is how to conduct negotiations in stages with the Chinese government through the Middle-Way approach—thus making it all clear through this proposal.

While making all this clear, I was simultaneously serving as the principal of the Central Tibetan School in Mussorie and Vice-President of the Central Executive Committee of the Tibetan Youth Congress. Even then also, my stand did not undergo any changes. Since then keeping a firm stand, without undergoing any changes, in my heart I have felt that the short and long-term need, the ultimate need, of the Tibetan people is freedom and independence. As far as my knowledge is concerned, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, considering the urgent circumstances and implementing thousand strategies and hundred tactics, proposed the Middle-Way, but I think that what we needed was independence, that was in His Holiness’s mind, I felt. Therefore, from 1959 to 1979, the policy of Central Tibetan Administration was to [restore] Tibet’s freedom and independence. As such the prayers that I recite regularly, His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s composition of prayers for Tibet’s spiritual and temporal cause, these prayers I recite regularly, everyday, without any break. For us Kagyu followers, there’s a prayer-text called Chags Med De Mon (literally: prayers for welfare to be recited regularly) that we are advised to recite regularly, but we could not recite it regularly. However, the prayers composed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama during that time, for instance on 29 September 1962, His Holiness composed the prayers Dentsig Monlam (Words of Truth) that we today recite with lots of importance.

    “May this heartfelt wish of total freedom for all Tibet,
    Which has been awaited for a long time,
    be spontaneously fulfilled;
    Please grant soon the good fortune to enjoy
    the happy celebration of spiritual with temporal rule.”

The above verse from the Words of Truth is the prayer that we offer to Avalokiteshvara Chenresig, the patron deity of the Land of Snows. Then on 5 February 1962, His Holiness composed, Deshek Riknga (five kinds of enlightened beings), a prayer meant to propitiate the Nechung deity. In this prayer, His Holiness propitiates the Nechung with the [following verse]:

    “For the welfare of Dharma and sentient beings
    Propagate the noble deeds of Tenzin Gyatso
    Pacifying the harm that causes the degeneration of Tibet
    Fulfill the joys of political and spiritual freedom.”

Then on 5 March 1973, His Holiness composed two very important prayers to propitiate deities. The one is the prayer to propitiate the female deity Palden Lhamo, in which he wrote:

    “Defeated by the enemy hordes
    The living beings of the Land of Snows
    Despite having been subjected to unbearable suffering
    With courage if they cling to the grand [struggle for] freedom
    How could you abandon your noble blessings?”

Thus, His Holiness, with a bit of lamentation, propitiated Palden Lhamo with these words. Then on the same date, His Holiness composed the important prayer that we recite regularly, Ma med Sonam (Fortune not undermined). In this prayer, His Holiness wrote:

    “Dispelling the darkness [caused by] the degeneration of times
    The victory of the spiritual and political freedom of Tibet
    Is sure to emerge, [so you] should not feel discouragement.”

Such propitiations were made to the deities of Tibet. Therefore, based on such awareness I stood firm with my stand, and will do so in future. Since it has significance for the parliament, I have tried to clarify and clear it up.

星期二, 7月 09, 2013

達賴喇嘛尊者在西孟加拉邦弘法時講話

資料來源:藏人行政中央官網

2013年3月29日,是達賴喇嘛尊者在西孟加拉邦薩路噶(Salugara)弘法的最後一天。法號聲中,喜瑪拉雅宗教協會會長擎著薰香出現了,達賴喇嘛尊者緩步走來,登上法座。三萬多信眾前來傾聽佛法,接受灌頂,並參加了色矩寺與喜瑪拉雅宗教協會共同為達賴喇嘛尊者舉行的永駐長壽儀軌。最後,達賴喇嘛尊者發表了講話:

今天,這裡聚集了噶倫堡、大吉嶺和錫金的不少流亡藏人,有的祖輩就居住在了這裡的藏人,我們叫“甲噶康巴”,除了來這裡的時間不同以外,我們的根都是血脈相連的,我也是你們中的一員。

兩年前,我不僅在政治上讓自己退了休,也終結了自五世達賴喇嘛開始的,延續了近四百年的由歷代達賴喇嘛擔任政、教領袖的制度。雖然在當時,這個制度是附合社會要求的,但今天已時過境遷。未來,當境內外團聚的時候,我也會像很早以前講的那樣,將不擔任任何職務。就是達賴喇嘛體制是否存在、延續,也會由那個時候的人民做出決定,這個話,我在1969年就說過了。

十二年前,即2001,我們的政治領袖由選舉產生了,我已處於半退休狀態。兩年前,選舉噶倫赤巴的時候,世界各地的藏人,都非常重視,擔負起了很好的責任,我看到完全退休的時刻到了。所以,噶丹頗章承擔政治責任的制度,不是在沒有辦法的情況下結束的,而是高高興興地,在沒有任何人要求的前提下,自願地結束了。正如藏人習慣說的,“吉祥的時間,吉祥的方式”,“扎西得勒”地結束了。印度、美國,以及其他我認識的很多官員,都對我的決定表示肯定,並給予很高​​的評價。只是,在我們藏人中間,顯得突然,有點不習慣,但是,說明後,大家就理解了。

現在,是真正地在民主之路上,為自由而奮鬥,所以我們的力量在增大,而且,給了世界更多的支持我們的機會。不像“老狗守著骨頭”似的固守於舊的制度,而是適時地改革,也得到了不少益處。我作出這樣的決定,並非失去信心,並非西藏問題沒有希望,不是這樣的,請你們放心。

西藏的奮鬥不是為了個別人的利益,而是整個西藏廣大人民的正義鬥爭,重要是境內的廣大人民。過去,我常說,我是境內人民的自由代言人,而不是發號施令者。我向世界介紹境內廣大人民的心願是什麼和那裡的真實情況,這是我的責任。最主要的是境內廣大人民至今都有著驚人的勇氣和信心。

之前,噶丹頗章的範圍僅僅是衛藏、多堆(康區)的金沙江兩岸,當今,康區、安多和衛藏全部統一的想法,非常強大。在七、八、九世紀,整個西藏三區,可以說是在一個國王的統治之下,後來,西藏出現了分裂格局,雖然在宗教和文化上仍然是統一的,但政治上已非常虛弱,現在,由於內外的眾多因素,全體西藏團結在了一起,民族意識增強,對自己的宗教和文化,非常關注。

我們流亡五十多年,依靠大家牢固的勇氣和真誠,克服了重重困難,使今天,在眾多的流亡者中,我們獨樹一幟。這不需要我們解釋,很多了解藏人和研究流亡的人士,都這樣表述過。這主要是因為廣大人民的信心和勇氣克服了種種困難的成果。感謝今天在這裡的噶倫堡、大吉嶺、甘托克三地的藏人,我衷心地感謝你們付出的努力。

未來解決西藏問題的立場,早在1974年就制定了互利的“中間道路”,1978年年底和1979年,與鄧小平領導的中國政府有了直接聯繫。當時,我們已經內定了這個互利的政策,所以,跟中國政府接觸起來非常方便。

中國境內,如80年代開始民主運動時,採取了全面的強硬政策,對西藏也自然是強硬的。但是,在胡耀邦時期,真的有很大的希望,不過,胡耀邦被迫辭職,接下來趙紫陽也沒能留任,在這樣的情況下,跟中國政府接觸,沒有取得實質性的結果,同時在西藏境內由於絕望,前後發生了多次起義和抗議事件,都被悲慘地鎮壓了。

但是,在過去的二十多年,特別是2008年之後,我見了很多華人,其中有知識分子和學生等數千人,他們中,有的是在美國和歐洲留學的中國人,還有許多著名的中國知識分子,也組織了一些專門的會議,在向他們介紹“中間道路”的時候,都非常歡迎,總之,支持中間道路的華人力量很大。去年,我收到一封來自北京的漢人手寫的信,他是一位知識分子,寫道,之前,他認為達賴喇嘛雖然是一位宗教領袖,但在政治上是個分裂者,不過,有一次他去五台山朝聖,遇到一位從印度來的漢語講得很好的僧人,向他介紹“中間道路”的內容之後,他說,達賴喇嘛的這個互利、雙贏的政策,會得到所有中國人百分之百的支持。這封信裡是這樣寫的,這是事實。

在過去的幾年裡,很多華人跟我會面時,都非常贊同“中間道路”,認為對中國有益,非常支持。但是從中國政府層面上看,至今沒有任何動靜。不過,政府和人民哪個重要?當然人民更重要。雖然在專制政權下政府很有權威,但從長遠看,還是人民更重要。這樣的情況下,當我們說“中間道路”時,受到中國人民,尤其是很多知識分子的支持,比如劉曉波,還有現在在美國的很多民主人士見我的時候,都非常支持。更重要的是,西藏境內的知識分子,如作家、藝術家、教師等,很多,見我時,雖然大家的心裡都有獨立的意願,但是,當我們考慮到能否取得成果時,就感到雙贏的“中間道路”是有道理的,並且,可以很好的解釋給漢人,所以大家都非常支持。我見到的西藏境內的知識分子中,沒有一個說要走西藏獨立道路的,雖然我們有這個權利。

在七、八、九世紀的時候,情況非常清楚,是這樣說的--“蕃於蕃國受安,漢亦漢國受樂” 。從語言文字和習俗來看,也都是不一樣的,種族也是不同的,但是,世界在變化,比如中國的情況,前世達賴喇嘛從流亡地返回西藏的時候,中國的皇帝已不復存在了,中國革命剛剛開始,當時,前世達賴喇嘛說,中國如同斷了源頭的江河,但是,現在看來,並不是斷了源頭的江河

如今,有些人說前世達賴喇嘛做了很多,第十四世達賴喇嘛有點沒能力,我們必須要現實深入地思考,雖然我們有西藏獨立的權利,但是現在西藏境內的形勢非常嚴峻。我接見華人朋友時常說,印度的東南西北,都有不同的語言,不同的文字,但是因為大家都有平等的權力和法治,以及民主自由等,所以沒有分裂的危險。同樣,藏人也有不同的語言文字等,如果真的能把藏人看成你們所說的“兄弟民族”,去尊重和友愛,公平對待的話,我們藏人也會考慮的。我們流亡者中,有的從西藏過來幾個月後,就去了美國、歐洲,他們並不是為了學習宗教,是為了錢。所以,我們藏人也需要錢和物質。我們爭取西藏獨立,是很難實現的。另外,獲得獨立,過著貧窮的生活,還不如在中華人民共和國裡面,使經濟得到很好的發展,很好地繼承和發展我們的語言文字、宗教文化。

據說當今的中國,信仰佛教的人達四到五億。現在,達蘭薩拉平均每週都有10到20的漢人來自中國大陸,他們見到我時,有的流著眼淚說:“請不要忘了中國的佛教徒”。同樣,一些重要的法會上,因為有漢語翻譯,像去年在菩提伽耶時輪金剛灌頂法會上,就從中國大陸來了有數千華人信徒。過去,西藏的宗教文化,吸引了中國的很多皇帝,乃之成為佛教徒。未來,也會有很多中國人關注佛教,特別將有很多漢人喜愛藏傳佛教。

經濟方面,中國是一個很強大的國家,我們應得益於此,在我們的宗教和文化方面,如果藏人自己能夠很好地繼承和發揚,也可以幫助中國的數億佛教徒,這樣,不僅對佛教有利,也對個人有利,是雙利。這樣的情況下,你們必須知道,中間道路,在本質上取得了成果,

現在,有人說,與中國政府的接觸沒有取得任何成果,這是一面之詞。從民眾的層面來說,我們取得了很大的成果。如果我們以“中間道路”為原則,中國政府方面能夠開放一點點的話,就很容易交流,而說獨立的話,就等於自己關上了門。對這些問題,你們要慎重考慮,在這裡的噶倫堡、大吉嶺、甘托克三地的藏人,你們都有責任。

雖然我已經完全退休了,但是,我是一個藏人,其中的安多哇(笑),之前,沒有隸屬於甘丹頗章政權(笑),但是,最主要是境內、外廣大人民信任我,所以我有責任。因此,今天向聚集在這裡的人民,介紹一下西藏的基本狀況,請你們記住這些。

總之,會發生變化,六十多年來,中國發生了很大的變化,和三四十年前的中國完全不一樣了。如今的中國內地,已有適當的言論自由,藏人到了中國內地後,感到有了不少的自由,但是,回到藏區,特別是拉薩,就有非常嚴厲的管制,這是有人說的。所以,中國在變化。西藏的情況,如今是漢人感到羞恥,藏人感到痛苦,對雙方來說,都百害而無一利。如果中國政府能夠理性思考, 對雙方都有利。所以,我們在走互利的中間道路,我相信在未來,會取得成果的,對此我有百分之百的信心,知道了嗎?你們要記住這點,扎西得勒!

翻譯:藏人行政中央外交部中文組(已由達賴喇嘛辦公室審定)

怎样理解达赖喇嘛的「中间道路」

作者:丁一夫
来源:《动向》  2013年5月号

二○一三年三月二十九日,达赖喇嘛在印度东北部的西孟加拉国邦萨路噶弘法的时候,对三万多信众发表了一个重要讲话。这次讲话寓意颇深,可圈可点。

藏民族的团结,非常重要

达赖喇嘛谈到了两年前他所宣布的政治退休决定,这一决定结束了西藏传统的政教结合的政治体制,在藏民族政治民主化的道路上迈出了关键一步。达赖喇嘛对藏人说,「作出这样的决定,并非失去信心,并非西藏问题没有希望」,而是顺应历史潮流的改革。现在政治权力是由民选的领导人来承担。

但是,达赖喇嘛的政治退休,使得藏人必须面对一个新的挑战,那就是怎样维持政治上的团结。半个世纪的流亡证明,藏民族之所以在政治上没有被击溃,西藏问题之所以仍然在国际政治舞台上时时敲响警钟,一个重要原因是藏人在政治上的高度一致,因为他们有一个精神领袖在政治上领导他们。达赖喇嘛政治退休已经两年,以后流亡藏人在民主化的体制下,在个人政治自由得到保障的地方生活,是否能够继续保持政治团结,事关重大。

有可能影响政治团结的一个因素是历史上的地域差异。历史上,西藏三区各有方言,也存在政治上的差异。到清末和民国时期,西藏三区在政治上不再是统一的政权。达赖喇嘛在讲话中指出,以前拉萨的噶厦政府管辖范围仅仅是卫藏和康区的金沙江两岸,而现在,康区、安多和卫藏统一的意识,已经非常强大。这种统一的藏民族的民族意识,事实上是上个世纪下半叶让中国共产党的军队给打出来的。是藏人的苦难和血泪铸成了这种命运共同体的意识。未来西藏问题无论是什么走向,都不会局限于西藏自治区,而必然包括周边四省的藏区在内。所谓「大藏区」的观念,不是什么人想出来的,恰恰是共产党用飞机大炮打出来的。统一的藏民族,已经成为未来政治家的不二选择。

然而,统一的藏民族的未来,是要争取独立,还是放弃独立而诉求自治呢?

「中间道路」和藏人的政治共识

在藏民族统一的前提下,形成在「中间道路」议题上的政治共识,对藏人的政治团结非常重要。达赖喇嘛指出,西藏政治领袖早在一九七四年就制定了互利的「中间道路」,七十年代末和中国政府有了直接联系。虽然后来和中国政府的接触没有取得实质性的结果,但是在汉藏民众层面的交流取得了很大的成果,有越来越多的汉人,特别是汉人知识分子支持「中间道路」。

达赖喇嘛指出,虽然藏民族有追求独立的权利,但是「中间道路」作为一个互利双赢的方案,对藏民族是有利的,也更有机会得到成功。达赖喇嘛说:「西藏境内的知识分子,如作家、艺术家、教师等,很多,见我时,虽然大家的心里都有独立的意愿,但是,当我们考虑到能否取得成果时,就感到双赢的『中间道路』是有道理的,并且,可以很好的解释给汉人,所以大家都非常支持。我见到的西藏境内的知识分子中,没有一个说要走西藏独立道路的,虽然我们有这个权利。」他还劝导藏人,由于力量悬殊,「我们争取西藏独立,是很难实现的。另外,获得独立,过着贫穷的生活,还不如在中华人民共和国里面,使经济得到很好的发展,很好地继承和发展我们的语言文字、宗教文化。」

达赖喇嘛说,以「中间道路」为原则,得到统一的藏民族的真正自治而放弃独立,藏人可以从中国的经济强大中得益。所以,藏人应该团结起来争取自治,「而说独立的话,就等于自己关上了门。」而对中间道路,他说,「我们在走互利的中间道路,我相信在未来,会取得成果的,对此我有百分之百的信心。」达赖喇嘛向藏民族民众发出了呼吁,要他们在「中间道路」的原则下达成全民族的共识和团结,也向中国政府又一次发出了信息,藏人放弃独立,争取自治,「西藏的情况,如今是汉人感到羞耻,藏人感到痛苦,对双方来说,都百害而无一利。如果中国政府能够理性思考,对双方都有利。」

汉人对「中间道路」的支持

达赖喇嘛特别向听众指出,有越来越多的汉人知识分子转而支持「中间道路」,认识到达赖喇嘛的「中间道路」是汉藏民族一条互利双赢的道路。

事实上,「中间道路」作为藏民族以非暴力原则争取民族自由的道路,其成功离不开汉民族,特别是汉人知识精英的认同和支持。达赖喇嘛以前说过很多次,汉藏民族在以往几百年的时间里是友好相处的,只是近代以来出现了一些问题。如果汉人了解了藏人的真实遭遇和真实感受,人类与生俱来的人性和良知就会让他们同情和支持藏民族的诉求。

事实上,汉人最终将支持藏民族的自决权,还有更深的原因。当前中国人民所盼望的民主转型和藏人在争取的民族自决,既是两种不同的政治对话,又有本质上的一致性。虽然威权政府也有可能达成「一国两制」,区域或民族自治并不一定只能在民主体制下才能达成,民主政府也不一定保证在区域或民族自治方面做出足够的让步,但是,现在中国在政治改革方面的停滞和藏人自决诉求的受挫,却是出于同一个原因,即当下中国共产党的僵硬保守。

诺贝尔和平奖获得者刘晓波说过:「只要汉人还处在无自由的独裁治下,藏人也不可能先于汉人获得自由;只要内地民众无法获得真正的民间自治,藏人和其它少数民族也不可能得到真正的民族自治。所以,西藏问题的解决,在根本上有赖于整个中国的政治体制问题的解决。不管西藏问题的未来解决采取何种模式,整个中国的民主化都是必须的政治前提。」然而,更准确的叙述应该是,只要藏人还没有获得民族自决权之下的真正自治,中国人民就不会得到民主和自由。这就是中国人民最终将支持藏人的自治诉求的根本原因。